Kevin Sullivan –
For Mahinda Rajapaksa, the now former president of Sri Lanka, last week’s stunning election defeat must be a bit of a head-scratcher. Having ended the country’s decades-long civil war against the Tamil Tigers in 2009, Rajapaksa was long believed to be one of the most secure leaders in Southeast Asia. In addition to crushing the Tamil rebellion, Rajapaksa presided over a country with a growing GDP, a rejuvenated tourism industry, and a bevy of maritime and infrastructure projects in the works. So what happened?
Friday’s election at least temporarily pauses the outgoing leader’s grand vision for Sri Lanka; a vision that, according to many critics, had become increasingly authoritarian, corrupt, and unduly cozy with Chinese money and muscle. For Beijing, Rajapaksa’s defeat jeopardizes its “New Silk Road” scheme, not to mention a number of road, rail, and port projects in Sri Lanka — the crown jewel of which being the proposed $1.4 billion Colombo Port City project.
All of this is terribly inconvenient news for China, not to mention Rajapaksa, but it is great news for the liberal world order.
For years scholars and analysts have fretted over the threat China might pose to the decades-old international system, often referred to as the “Washington Consensus.” Emphasizing free trade, fair elections, and deregulated markets, this system has more or less determined the rules of global trade and commerce since the end of World War II. In recent years, however, Chinese leaders have been travelling around the developing world offering a “no strings attached” alternative to the Western model. So long as contracts were met and manifests kept in order, Beijing would butt out and refrain from lectures on democracy, justice, and transparency.
Rajapaksa signed on the dotted line, offering Sri Lankans a Faustian bargain of prosperity and peace in exchange for obedience. Charges of iniquity, censorship, and nepotism were often shrugged off by the former president and his allies as little more than the grumblings of the marginalized urban elites. And China, keeping up its end of the bargain, has consistently rebuffed U.N. efforts to scrutinize and investigate alleged human rights violations committed during the Sri Lankan government’s 2009 campaign against the Tamil Tigers.
But the perception of Sri Lanka as a vassal of Chinese whims didn’t sit so well with ordinary Sri Lankans. Often referred to as Asia’s oldest democracy, Sri Lanka has a long, complex history of colonialism. When Rajapaksa’s former health minister and ally, Maithripala Sirisena, emerged as his likely opponent in this year’s presidential race, a constellation of disgruntled parties aligned against the incumbent.
Sirisena — a reportedly parochial and reluctant politician — tapped into popular discontent during the election, often chiding Rajapaksa for putting massive debt on the backs of ordinary Sri Lankans all in the name of growth and progress. Running a populist campaign with a rural focus, Sirisena often railed against ubiquitous Chinese-financed projects, and pledged on more than one occasion to scrap the Colombo Port City plan. In his campaign manifesto, Sirisena wrote: “The land that the White Man took over by means of military strength is now being obtained by foreigners by paying ransom to a handful of persons.” Sirisena’s anti-colonial rhetoric, coupled with his vow to diminish executive powers, resonated not only with the nation’s Sinhalese majority, but also with the restive Tamil minority, who turned out in droves for the upstart candidate.
While last week’s election may represent just a minor strategic hiccup for Beijing, the vote was unquestionably a blow to the so-called China Model — and it puts all would-be strongmen on notice: China may promise your regime “no strings” support, but it’s your own people who will ultimately decide your fate, be it through the ballot or a bullet. Mahinda Rajapaksa — who reportedly asked that the Sri Lankan military intervene upon learning of his imminent election defeat — should consider himself lucky to have been defeated by the former.